IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


14^ 

1^ 

iilM 

IilM 

■^ 

m 

Z2 

iU 

m 

us 

^ 

llllio 

1.8 


1.25 

1.4       1.6 

^ 

6"     

► 

Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


^< 


;v 


% 


L1>' 


<^ 


^ 


'^^ 


V 


'Sfc^ 


6^ 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


L<? 


;%  My 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  IVIicroreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibiiographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


0 


n 


n 


n 


n 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I     I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagAe 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurte  et/ou  peiiiculie 


I     I   Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  tjtre  de  couverture  manque 


I     I    Coloured  maps/ 


Cartes  gAographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i  «.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I     I   Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
ReliA  avec  d'autres  documents 


[~7]    Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 


along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serrda  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  le 

distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intArieuro 

Blank  leeves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouties 
lors  d'uno  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  Atait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  At*  filmies. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppiimentaires; 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilieur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  AtA  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  m6thode  normale  de  fiimage 
sont  indiqute  ci-dessous. 


r~n   Coloured  pages/ 


D 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film<k  au  taux  de  reduction  indiquA  ci-dessous. 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endom  magmas 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restaur6es  et/ou  pellicul6es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxei 
Pages  dicoiortes,  tacheties  ou  piqu6es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ditach^es 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Quality  inigale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  materii 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplAmentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


I — I  Pages  damaged/ 

|~~|  Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 

I — I  Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 

I     I  Pages  detached/ 

I      I  Showthrough/ 

I      I  Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I      I  Includes  supplementary  material/ 

I — I  Only  edition  available/ 


8 
0 


7 

s 
7 

V 

d 
e 
b 
ri 
ri 
nr 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuiilet  d'errata,  une  palure, 
etc.,  ont  M  filmAes  A  nouveau  de  fapon  A 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

y 

12X 


ItX 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


Th«  copy  filmad  her*  hat  baan  raproducad  thanks 
to  tha  ganarotity  of: 

Library  Division 

Provincial  Archives  of  British  Columbia 

Tha  imagaa  appaaring  hara  ara  tha  bast  quality 
possibia  considaring  tha  condition  and  lagibility 
of  tha  original  copy  and  in  kaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  spacificationa. 


Original  copias  in  printad  papar  covars  ara  filmad 
baginning  with  tha  front  covar  and  anding  on 
tha  last  paga  with  a  printad  or  illustratad  impras- 
sion.  or  tha  back  covar  whan  appropriata.  All 
othar  original  copias  ara  filmad  baginning  on  the 
first  paga  with  a  printad  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  anding  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustratad  Impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  "^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


L'exemplaira  film*  fut  reproduit  grAce  A  la 
g*n6rositA  da: 

Library  Division 

Provincial  Archives  of  British  Columbia 

Les  images  suivantas  ont  AtA  raproduites  avac  la 
plus  grand  soin,  compta  tenu  de  la  condition  at 
da  la  nattet*  de  l'exemplaira  film«,  at  en 
conformity  avac  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplairas  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  e^t  ImprimAe  sont  filmAs  en  commengant 
par  la  premier  plat  at  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
darnlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  la  second 
plat,  salon  la  cas.  Tous  las  autres  exemplairas 
originaux  sont  film6s  en  commen^ant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symboie  — ^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE  ",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filmAs  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffArents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichA,  il  est  film*  A  partir 
de  Tangle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nAcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mAthode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

/<=- 


%!■ 


WW^tyMrmt  Wear.  Tr<i»  Tyriusqua  iiilhi  iiuilitillMiriiiiiiii*  iwtftur. 


Vol.  1«|<  Ki.t.  6. 


T  H  K 


TH  AMERIGAN 
REVIEW. 


B«-MteblUh«d  bjr    AI.I<Hir   TBOKNblKX    RIOB. 


EDITED  BY  LLOYD  BRYCE. 

December,  1895. 

THE  WORK  OF  THE  NEXT  C0NGRE89. 

Bj  X.  W.  Haxeltine:  Bepresentatives  Thomas  €. 
Cateiidiigs,  of  Mississippi;  Jonatlian  P.  Dolli- 
T«jf ,  pt  Iowa ;  Oeoirge  N.  Sonthvick ,  of  New  ¥ork ; 
and  John  C.  Bell,  of  Colorado.  641 

Cranks  and  Crazes Mrs.  Lvnn  Linton  667 

The  Last  Gift  of  the  Ccniury N.  S.  Shaler  674 

How  London  Deals  With  Beggars.  The  Rt.  Hon.  Lord  Norton  685 

y^ESULTS  OF  THE  BERING  SEA  ARBITRATION. 
j^  By  The  Hon.  John  W.  Foster,  693 

AviSMretorv  <^  State. 

Christianity's  Millstone Prof  Goldwin  Smith  703 

Our  Benefits  from  the  Nicaragua  Canal.  Arthur  Silva  White  720 
Personal  History  o'  the  Second  Empire— XIL  The   End  of 

the  Empire Albert  D.  Vandam  726 

WiM  Traits  in  Tame  Animals— IV.  .     .    Dr.  Louis  Robinson  735 

THE  HOUSE  OP  REPRESENTATIVES  AN D  THE 
HOUSE  OF  COMMONS. 

"Bf  the  €l0rk  of  the  Honse  of  €omm(Mis, 
Sir  BeglHald  F.  D.  Palgrare,  K.  C.  B.  740 

NOTKS    AND    COMMENTS. 

Congress  «(Ri  the  Next  Paris  Exposition  .  Theodore  Stanton  753 
Some  Memories  of  a  Gr«it  Liftwyer  ....  ,.  W.  Watson  757 
A  Plea  for  the  English  Wife E.  M.  Nicholl  759 

NEW  YORK : 
Np.    ;|    EAST   FOURTEENTH    STKEET. 

iMmwM:  P*Bi»: 

W*  »IHiH^*!»»,  «  B«dferf4t.,  W.  C.  l»«BHTAN9'8,«AY«iM<tol'0|Hmi. 


'  Pe>  AaMM,  f  |. 


•i 
; 

■,l' 
■J 


»iJi' 


.*' 


Simple. 

PaUnt 


Compact. ' 


Durable. 


The  Best. 


Do  you  play 
Duplicate  Whist? 

If  you  do,  you  will  readily  appreciate  this 
improved  method.  If  you  do  not,  you  will  wi»h  to 
adopt  the  best  method,  when  you  do  play.  In 
cither  case,  send  for  circular  and  price  list,  or  ask 
your  dealer.    Full  sets,  8  to  48  trays. 

Set  ol  twelve  trays  In  handsome  box,  with  rules, 

oounters,  score  cards,  etc^ ,..    $4.50 

Same  including  12  packs  •'  U.  8."  Bioyde  cards, 

(enameledf "  yc.go 

Prepaid  by  express  to  any  part  of  the  United  States. 

Sample  tray  and  samplo  of  cards  furnished  will  be  sent 

postpaid  on  receipt  of  forty  cents. 

flamilKtitred  and  mM  by 

WALTER  5.  COLES, 
Naive  Buiidinc,        -         -        Cincinnati. 


lyOxni^edj 


Hydraulic.  PASstNoiR  and  Friioht. 

KUCTRIO  PASaKNOIR  AND  PRCIOHT. 

Patint  Stccl  Sorkw  Bivt  PAasiNaiR  and  Friioht. 
Patcnt  Spur  Qkam  Friioht,  Hand  and  Sioiwalk. 

BOSTOir. 


NKW  YORK. 
H  and  M  Liberty  Street. 
DBTBOIT. 
Hedges  Building. 
nUDADBLPHIA, 

UlS  Filbert  Street. 


Bf  State  Straet. 
ATLAKTA,  Ol., 
Inman  RulldlnK, 


PiGturesqoe 
Trunk  Line  ot  ttrica. 

THE  ONLY  LINE 

WHOSE  TRAINS  ARE 

EVERYWHERE  PROTECTED  BY 

BLOCK  SAFETY  SIGNALS. 

Solid  Vestibuled  Trains 


BETWEEN 


NEW  YORK  AND  BUFFALO,  NIAGARA  FALLS, 
CLEVELAND,  CINCINNATI,  CHICAGO.        I 


us 


D.  I.  ROBERTS.  General  Paaaenscr  Agrent. 


Cnpyrlf  hi,  18W>,  by  {.lotd  Bsyos.    All  rights  reserved. 
Bnterad  «t  the  Post-OIBoe  at  New  Tork .  Sbd  admittad  for  traasintMlon  throoffh  the  mails,  M  Moond-elas*  msttar. 


f  Combined 


HT. 


aiR  AND  FmiOHT*  <| 

ID  AHO  SlOSWALKt  f ' 
BOSTON, 
6>BtMeStf«et.< 
lKTA,  Ol, 
iRoUdtiiK, 


AINS 

FALLS, 
kGO. 


RESULTS  OF  THE  BERING  SEA  ARBITRATION. 

BY  THE  HON.  JOHN  W.  FOSTER,  EX-SEORBTARY  OF  STATE. 


The  United  States  stand  distinguised  among  the  nations  as 
tlie  foremost  champion  of  international  arbitration.  Our  ablest 
and  wisest  statesmen  have  recognized  it  as  the  best  way  of  adjust- 
ing most  questions  of  difference  arising  between  governments, 
when  the  ordinary  diplomatic  methods  fail.  Such  being  the  set- 
tled policy  of  the  country,  it  would  be  unfortunate  for  the  cause 
of  peace  and  civilization  in  the  world  if  that  policy  should  be  prej- 
udiced in  the  United  States  for  want  of  oorrect  information  or 
through  partisan  bias.  ' 

One  of  the  last  arbitrations  in  "-hich  the  United  States  par- 
ticipated was  that  held  at  Paris  in  1893  for  the  settlement  of  the 
questions  which  had  arisen  with  Great  Britain  respecting  the  fur 
seals  of  the  Pribylov  Islands  in  Boring  Sea;  and  the  impression 
seems  to  prevail  with  many  of  our  people  that  this  arbitration  was 
unwisely  entered  upon,  that  it  was  fruitless  in  its  results  to  us, 
and  that  the  responsibility  for  the  failure  is  chargeable  to  the  ad- 
ministration which  agreed  to  it.  Every  one  of  these  conclusions 
is  incorrect,  and,  in  the  interest  of  the  great  cause  of  international 
arbitration,  their  fallacy  should  be  exposed.  It  seems  the  more 
opportune  at  this  time,  as  the  subject  is  likely  to  be  presented 
anew  to  Congress  at  its  approaching  seseion. 

It  is  well,  in  the  first  place,  to  examine  the  origin  of  the  con- 
troversy. Alaska  was  ceded  by  Russia  to  the  United  States  in 
1867,  and  in  1870  the  Seal  Islands  in  Bering  Sea  were  leased  by 
the  government  to  a  private  company,  with  the  privilege  of  tak- 
ing on  the  land  a  certain  number  of  seals  annually.  Soon  there- 
after it  became  apparent  that  the  seal  herd  was  exposed  to  serious 
diminution  by  means  of  pelagic  or  open  sea  hunting.  As  early 
as   187^  the  attention  of  the  government  was  called  to  this 


■aond^tiM  mattar. 


694 


THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  REVIEW. 


danger,  and  it  was  snggcsted  that  a  revenae  cutter  be  sent  to 
cruise  in  the  vicinity  of  the  passes  of  the  Aleutian  chain,  through 
which  the  herd  travelled  on  its  way  to  and  from  the  Seal  Islands, 
with  a  view  to  preventing  such  hunting.  But  Mr.  Boutwell,  Sec- 
retary of  the  Treasury,  declined  to  act  upon  the  suggestion,  stat- 
ing :  "  I  do  not  see  that  the  United  States  would  have  the 
jurisdiction  ory  power  to  drive  off  parties  going  up  there  for  that 
purpose,  unless  they  made  the  attempt  within  a  marine  league  f 
the  shore."  With  the  progress  of  time  pelagic  hunting  increased 
along  the  Canadian  and  American  coasts,  with  greater  slaughter 
of  the  herd,  and  with  occasional  incursions  into  Bering  Sea. 
There  was  gradually  developed  a  contention  that  the  principle 
laid  down  by  Secretary  Boutwell  did  not  apply  to  Bering  Sea,  be- 
cause Bussia  had  claimed  and  enforced  exclusive  jurisdiction  over 
all  its  waters,  that  it  had  been  acquiesced  in  by  the  maritime 
nations,  including  Great  Britain,  and  that  all  the  rights  of  Russia 
therein  passed  to  the  United  States  by  the  cession.  The  act  of 
Congress  of  1868  (Section  1956)  made  it  unlawful  to  kill  seals 
"  within  the  limits  of  Alaska  Territory  or  in  the  waters  If  Jiereof," 
and  it  was  claimed  that  the  waters  of  Alaska  embraced  all  that 
portion  of  Bering  Sea  east  of  the  line  designated  in  the  Russian 
treaty  of  cession.  Under  the  foregoing  construction  of  the 
treaty  and  the  statute,  the  first  seizure  of  British  vessels  in  Bering 
Sea  took  place  under  instructions  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
by  the  Revenue  vessels  in  1886,  and  other  seizures  followed  in 
1887.  Suits  were  instituted  in  the  Federal  Court  at  Sitka  under 
the  Act  cited  and  the  vessels  were  condemned.  The  judge, 
whose  tenure  of  office  under  the  practice  in  vogue  as  to  that  Terri- 
tory was  limited  to  the  political  administration  which  appointed 
him,  following  the  line  of  argument  submitted  by  the  District 
Attorney  in  a  brief  prepared  in  the  office  of  the  Attorney- General, 
held  that  "all  the  waters  within  the  boundary  set  forth  in  the 
treaty  .  .  .  are  to  be  consiaered  as  comprised  within  the 
waters  of  Alaska,  and-  all  the  penalties  prescribed  by  law  .  .  . 
must  therefore  attach  within  those  limits."  He  further  held  that 
"  as  a  matter  of  international  law,  it  makes  no  difference  that  the 
accused  parties  may  be  subjects  of  Great  Britain.  Russia  had 
claimed  and  exercised  jurisdiction  over  all  that  portion  of  Bering 
Sea  <.  .  .  and  that  claim  had  been  tacitly  recognized  and 
acquiesced  in  by  the  other  maritime  powers  of  the  world." 


RESULTS  OF  THE  BERING  SEA  ARBITRATION. 


695 


be  sent  to 

,  through 

al  Islands, 

twell,  Sec- 

stion,  atat- 

have   the 

re  for  that 

league    f 

;  increased 

r  slanghter 

ering  Sea. 

B  principle 

ng  Sea,  be- 

liction  over 

le  maritime 

bs  of  Rnssia 

The  act  of 

to  kill  seals 

rs'ifliereof," 

ed  all  that 

the  Russian 

tion  of  the 

Is  in  Bering 

he  Treasury 

followed  in 

Sitka  under 

The  judge, 

>  that  Terri- 

1  appointed 

the  District 

ley- General, 

orth  in  the 

within  the 

.aw    •    •     • 

ler  held  that 

nee  that  the 

Russia  had 

)n  of  Bering 

ognized  and 

rid." 


; 


The  seizure  and  condemnation  of  the  British  vessels  were  fol- 
lowed by  an  attempt  to  secure  a  more  precise  and  strict  definition 
of  "the  waters  of  Alaska"  by  Congressional  legislation.  A 
lengthy  investigation  was  had  by  a  Committee  of  the  House  of 
Representatives  in  1888 ;  and  in  January,  1889,  a  report  was 
made  by  Mr.  Dunn,  of  Arkansas,  chairman  of  the  Committee, 
fully  sustaining  the  view  taken  by  the  AttDrney-General  and  the 
Federal  Judge  in  Alaska,  and  submitting  a  bill  which  declared 
"  that  Section  1956  of  the  Revised  Statutes  of  the  United  States 
was  intended  to  include  and  apply  to,  and  is  hereby  declared  to 
include  and  apply  to,  all  waters  of  Bering  Sea  in  Alaska 
embraced  within  the  boundary  lines  "  of  the  treaty  with  Russia. 
This  bill  was  passed  by  the  House,  but  in  the  Senate  it  was  sent 
to  the  Committee  on  Foreign  Relations,  and  that  Committee 
recommended  that  the  clause  above  quoted  be  disagreed  to ;  and 
the  chairman,  Mr. "Sherman,  in  support  of  the  recommendation, 
stated  that  the  proposed  legislation  "involved  serious  matters  of 
international  law  .  .  .  and  ought  to  be  disagreed  to  and 
abandoned,  and  considered  more  carefully  hereafter."  Subse- 
quently, by  virtue  of  a  conference  report,  an  act  was  passed 
declaring  Section  1956  to  include  and  apply  "  to  all  the  dominion 
of  the  United  States  in  the  waters  of  Bering  Sea." 

The  seizure  and  condemnation  of  vessels  as  stated  constitute 
the  origin  and  foundation  of  the  complaint  of  the  British  Govern- 
ment and  of  the  lengthy  correspondence  and  negotiations  which 
resulted  in  the  arbitration  at  Paris.  These  seizures  were  the  act 
of  the  administration  of  President  Cleveland,  and  had  the  in- 
dorsement of  the  executive,  politico-judicial  and  legislative  de- 
partments of  that  administration.  In  so  far  as  the  views  of  the 
opposing  political  party  may  be  inferred  from  the  attitude  of 
Secretary  Boutwell  and  Senator  Sherman,  they  were  against  the 
legality  or  wisdom  of  the  policy. 

The  complaint  of  Great  Britain  in  1887  was  followed  by  a 
diplomatic  correspondence,  in  which  Secretary  Bayard,  without 
discussing  or  yielding  the  grounds  upon  which  the  seizures  had 
been  made,  proposed  an  international  arrangement  for  the  protec- 
tion of  the  seals  from  extermination.  With  this  proposition  pend- 
ing and  with  all  the  questions  arising  out  of  the  seizures  unsettled, 
the  executive  government  of  the  United  States  passed  into  the 
hands  of  President  Harrison.    Mr.  Blaine,  on  assuming  the  duties 


'it 


163372 


696 


THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  REVIEW. 


of  Secretary  of  State,  sought  to  carry  into  effect  the  proposition 
of  his  predecessor  for  an  international  agreement.  He  found  that 
few  of  the  governments  approached  had  shown  any  interest  in  the 
proposition,  but  early  in  the  administration  he  pressed  the  sub- 
ject upon  the  attention  of  Great  Britain,  and  as  soon  as  possible 
secured  a  joint  conference  at  Washington  with  the  British  and 
Russian  Ministers.  After  prolonged  interviews  the  conference 
proved  a  failure,  as  Great  Britain  was  unwilling  to  enter  into  any 
international  arrangement  which  the  two  other  interested  powers 
felt  was  at  all  adequate  to  protect  the  seals  from  extermination. 

The  measure  which  Secretary  Bayard  had  initiated  for  the 
settlement  of  the  questions  arising  out  of  the  seizure  of  British 
vessels  having  proved  impossible  of  realization,  there  seemed  no 
other  alternative  but  to  defend  the  action  of  the  previous  adminis- 
tration ;  and  thereupon  followed  the  notable  diplomatic  corre- 
spondence between  Mr.  Blaine  and  Lord  Salisbury,  in  which  the 
former  sought  with  all  his  recognized  forensic  skill  to  defend 
the  action  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  in  ordering  the 
seizures  and,  as  far  as  he  felt  it  possible  to  do  so,  to  sustain  the 
correctness  in  international  law  of  the  attitude  of  the  Attorney- 
General  and  the  Judge  of  the  Federal  Court  of  Alaska.  In  no 
part  of  that  statesman's  career  did  his  devotion  to  his  country 
more  conspicuously  rise  above  partisanship  than  iu  that  corre- 
spondence. It  is  doubtful  if  any  other  living  American  could 
have  made  a  more  brilliant  or  eflectiveliefence  of  the  action  of  his 
government,  and  whatever  fallacies  exist  in  his  argument  are 
chargeable  to  the  previous  administration  which  had  occasioned 
the  controversy  and  marked  out  the  line  of  defence. 

The  correspondence  showed  the  two  governments  in  hopeless 
disagreement.  Three  courses  were  open  to  President  Harrison, 
and  one  of  them  must  be  chosen  without  further  delay.  First : 
He  could  abandon  the  claim  of  exclusive  jurisdiction  over 
Bering  Sea  or  protection  of  the  seals  beyond  the  three  mile  limit, 
recede  from  the  action  of  his  predecessor  as  to  seizure  of 
British  vessels  and  pay  the  damages  claimed  therefor.  Such  a 
course  would  have  met  with  the  general  disapproval  of  the  nation, 
and  would  have  been  denounced  by  his  political  opponents  as  a 
base  betrayal  of  the  country's  interests.  Second  :  He  could  have 
rejected  the  arguments  and  protests  of  the  British  Government, 
and  continued  the  policy  initiated  by  his  predecessor  in  the  seizure 


•I 


RESULTS  OF  THE  BERING  SEA  ARBITRATION. 


697 


jposition 
und  that 
ist  in  the 
the  Bub- 
)  possible 
itish  and 
nference 
into  any 
d  powers 
nation. 

for  the 
){  British 
iemed  no 
iadminis- 
tic  corre- 
Hrhich  tiie 
,0  defend 
ering  the 
istain  the 
Attorney- 
a.  In  no 
s  country 
hat  corre- 
ican  could 
tion  of  his 
Linient  are 
occasioned 

a  hopeless 
Harrison, 
y.  First : 
stion  over 
mile  limit, 
seizure  of 
'.  Such  a 
the  nation, 
aents  as  a 
could  have 
(vernment, 
the  seizure 


of  all  British  vessels  engaged  in  pelagic  sealing  in  Bering  Sea. 
But  this  course  had  already  been  proposed  to  President  Cleveland 
and  decided  to  be  iinproper.  Tlie  Hon.  E.  J.  Phelps,  who  as 
Minister  to  Qreat  Britain  had  conducted  the  negotiations  with 
Lord  Salisbury  growing  out  of  the  seizures  of  1880  and  1887,  in  a 
lengthy  dispatch  to  Secretary  Buyard,  reviewing  the  conduct  of 
Canada  which  had  prevented  an  adjustment  once  accepted  by 
Lord  Salisbury,  made  the  following  recommendation  :  "  Under 
these  circumstances,  the  Govrnment  of  the  United  States  must, 
in  my  opinion,  either  submit  xo  have  these  valuable  fisheries  de- 
stroyed or  must  take  measures  to  prevent  their  destruction  by 
capturing  the  vessels  employed  in  it.  Between  these  two  alterna- 
tives it  does  not  appear  to  me  there  should  be  the  slightest  hesita- 
tion. ...  I  earnestly  recommend,  therefore,  that  the  vessels 
that  have  been  seized  while  engaged  in  this  business  be  firmly . 
held,  and  that  measures  be  taken  to  capture  and  hold  every 
one  hereafter  found  concerned  in  it.  .  .  .  There  need  be 
no  fear  that  a  resolute  stand  on  this  subject  will  at  onne  pr': 
an  end  to  the  mischief  complained  of."  But  this  reoon.- 
mendation  of  Mr.  Phelps  was  not  approved  by  Mr.  Bayard, 
who  was  unwilling  to  adopt  a  course  which  might  bring 
about  a  rupture  with  Great  Britain,  the  probable  outcome 
of  which  would  have  been  an  armed  conflict.  In  view  of  this, 
decision  and  the  state  of  public  sentiment,  with  a  prevailing 
opinion  in  a  large  part  of  the  press  and  with  public  men  that  the 
attitude  of  the  government  was  legally  unsound,  and  that  the 
interests  involved  did  not  under  the  circumstances  stated  justify 
the  hazard  of  a  great  war  between  these  two  English-speaking 
nations,  the  adoption  of  this  second  alternative  by  President 
Harrison  would  have  been  the  height  of  madness.  The  only  re- 
maining alternative  was  arbitration.  President  Harrison  felt  that 
if  we  could  commit  to  an  international  tribunal  the  far  greater 
interests  and  principles  involved  in  the  Alabama  Claims,  it  would 
be  the  part  of  wisdom  to  adopt  the  same  course  as  to  the  pending 
questions  of  difference,  and  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  sober 
judgment  of  the  country  confirms  his  action. 

If,  therefore,  the  Paris  arbitration  was  unwise  in  any  of  its 
features  it  must  have  been  in  the  manner  of  submission  of  the 
questions  to  the  Tribunal.  But  in  this  respect,  also,  the  conduct 
of  President  Harrison  was  greatly  restricted  by  the  action  of  his 


698 


THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  REVIEW. 


predecessor.  I/e  was  required  to  formulate  for  the  decision  of 
the  Tribunal  the  contentions  upon  which  the  seizures  were  madie, 
and  the  first  four  points  embraced  in  article  VI.  of  the  treaty  will 
be  found  to  accurately  cover  the  grounds  upon  which  the  Attor- 
ney-General in  1887  asked  for,  and  the  Federal  Judge  based,  the 
condemnation  of  the  British  vessels.  It  is  a  singular  incident 
that  when  the  case  of  the  United  States  came  to  be  prepared  and 
the  Russian  archives  were  examined,  what  had  been  assumed  in 
the  legal  proceedings  to  be  historical  facts  could  scarcely  be  sub- 
stantiated by  a  single  official  document.  It  is  also  notable  that 
the  only  additional  question  introduced  in  the  treaty  provisiou 
for  Bubn.  ission  to  the  Tribunal — that  embraced  in  th  "fth  point, 
to  wit,  the  right  of  protection  or  property  in  the  seals,  and 
which  in  the  judgment  of  the  counsel  of  the  United  States  be- 
came the  leading,  if  not  the  only,  defence  of  the  seizures — wrj 
'not  advanced  in  the  legal  proceedings  of  1887,  and  was  not 
mooted  until  a  late  stage  of  Mr.  Blaine's  controversy  with  Lord 
Salisbury.  The  chief  credit  for  the  development  of  this  point  is 
due  to  Mr.  Tracy,  Secretary  o'  the  Navy,  who  submitted  a  paper 
of  rare  legal  ability  on  the  subject  to  the  President,  which  at 
a  later  date  appeared  in  this  Review.*  The  treaty  after  having 
undergone  the  careful  scrutiny  of  the  President  and  Hon.  E.  J. 
Phelps,  whose  advice  had  been  sought  by  the  President,  was  sub- 
mitted to  the  Senate  and  approved  by  that  body  without  a  single 
dissenting  voice,  so  far  as  known.  If  the  conduct  of  the  Presi- 
dent, in  the  management  of  the  controversy  created  by  his  pre- 
decessor, had  not  been  in  the  judgment  of  the  country  wise  and 
patriotic,  or  if  the  provisions  of  the  treaty  had  not  been  properly 
framed,  it  would  scarcely  have  escaped  the  attention  of  his  politi- 
cal opponents  in  the  Senate. 

Hence,  the  only  remaining  criticism  which  might  be  advanced 
against  the  arbitration  must  relate  to  the  management  of  the  case 
before  the  Tribunal.  But  in  this  respect  also  it  must  be  recog- 
nized that  the  President's  action  was  circumspect  and  free  from 
all  partisanship.  In  naming  the  arbitrators  on  the  part  of  the 
United  States,  he  chose,  with  the  cordial  approval  of  the  Chief 
Justice  and  his  associates,  Mr.  Justice  Harlan  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  as  senior  American  member  of  the  Tribunal.  In  filling 
the  second  place  he  selected  Senator   Morgan,  the  recognized 

•  KORTB  AIORIOAN  Retiiw,  Mar,  1893. 


decision  of 

were  made, 

I  treaty  will 

.  the  Attor- 

e  baaod,  the 

ar  incident 

repared  and 

assumed  in 

cely  be  sub- 

lotable  that 

ty  provisiou 

fth  point, 

0  seals,  and 
d  States  be- 
lizures — wpj 
nd  was  not 

with  Lord 
this  point  is 
tted  a  paper 
t,  which  at 
after  having 
[  Hon.  E.  J. 
nt,  was  sub- 
loiit  a  single 
)f  the  Presi- 

by  his  pre- 
try  wise  and 
Ben  properly 
of  his  politi- 

be  advanced 
t  of  the  case 
ist  be  recog- 
id  free  from 
part  of  the 
)f  the  Chief 
he  Supreme 
1.    In  filling 

1  recognized 


RESULTS  OF  THE  BERINO  SEA  ARBITRATTON.        699 

leader  on  all  international  questions  in  the  Senate  of  the  party 
whose  officials  had  originated  the  subject  matter  of  arbitration. 
Hon.  E.  J.  Phelps,  President  Cleveland's  Minister  in  London, 
an  experienced  diplomatist  tind  a  Icwyer  of  national  repute,  had 
been  consulted  by  the  President .     -^ral  months  before  the  treaty 
had  been  agreed  upon,  and  when  t  <    ^ase  came  to  be  prepared  he 
was  named  as  senior  connsol.     With  him  was  associated  James  C. 
Carter,  of  New  York,  the  rec>    aized  leader  of  t)iu  American  bar ; 
and  before  the  tribunal  wud   ..ganizod  Frp-^orick  R.  Coudert,  an 
accomplished  French  scholar  and  a  i)rominent  jurist,  wis  added 
to  the  list.     These  three  srentlet  jn  were  the  political  friends  of 
Mr.  Cleveland.     With  them  vas  joined  a  single  party  friend  of 
President  Harrison,  H.  W.  Blodget*-,  for  many  years  a  distin- 
guished judge  of  the  Federal  Court.     Senator  Morgan  in  a  recent 
letter  says  :    "  Our  party  was  and  is  responsible  for  using  the 
means  that  were  employed  both  for  the  raising  and  the  settlement 
of  these  questions,  and  it  was  a  just  measure  of  responsibility  that 
Mr.  Harrison  devolved  upon  us  when,  out  of  a  body  of  arbitra- 
tors and  counsel  and  Mr.   Secretary  Foster,  the  Agent,  selected 
by  him — seven  in  all — he  selected  four  Democrats  and  three  Re- 
publicans."   As  to  the  manner  in  Avhich  these  gentlemen  dis- 
charged their  trust  we  have  the  following  testimony  of  Mr.  Jus- 
tice Harlan,  in  a  public  address  :    "I  may  say  that  no  govern- 
ment was  ever  represented  upon  any  occasion  where  its  interests 
were  involved  with  more  fidelity,  with  more  industry  and  with 
greater  ability  than  was  the  United  States  by  its  agent  and  coun- 
sel.    ...      If  more  was  not  obtained  it  was  solely  because  a 
majority  of  that  tribunal    .     .    .    did  not  see  their  way  to  grant 
more." 

On  five  points  submitted  to  the  Tribunal,  embi-acing  the 
historical  and  legal  questions,  the  decision  was  unfavorable  to 
the  United  States.  While  the  action  of  the  government  in  making 
the  seizures  was  based  on  the  weakest  ground  of  our  defence  and 
which  proved  untbnHble,  it  cannot  be  doubted  that  the  motives 
which  actuated  its  conduct  were  patriotic  and  praiseworthy.  But 
had  our  effort  to  save  the  seais  from  destruction  been  from  the 
outset  based  upon  a  right  of  protection  and  property  in  them,  our 
case  before  the  Tribunal  would  have  been  much  stronger  and  the 
decision  might  have  been  different.  Nevertheless,  it  cannot 
be  justly  claimed  that  the  arbitration  was  fruitless  in  its  results 


k 


700 


THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  REVIEW, 


i> 


for  us.  It  is  no  small  matter  that  a  question  which  threatened  a 
rupture  of  our  peaceful  relations  with  Great  Britain  was  adjusted 
by  a  resort  to  therarbitrameut  of  reason  and  not  of  force.  The 
Alaskan  seal  herd  li  of  great  value  to  us  and  to  the  world,  and  it 
is  the  duty  of  our  government  to  be  vigilant  in  protecting  it 
from  destruction  ;  but  the  legal  issues  involved  in  our  contro- 
versy with  Great  Britain  regarding  them  did  not  seem  to  justify 
the  hazard  of  an  armed  conflict,  and  it  was  a  great  gain  to  us 
that  the  controversy  was  peacefully  settled  without  national  dis- 
honor. 

The  decision  of  the  Tribunal  was  adverse  to  the  United  States 
on  the  legal  points  in  dispute,  but  the  award  contained  an  import- 
ant provision  for  international  regulations,  which  were  intended 
by  the  Tribunal  to  be  a  protection  to  the  seals  and  which  in  the 
judgment  of  the  majority  of  that  body  would  in  practice  prove 
an  adequate  protection.  The  agent  and  counsel  of  the  United 
States  contended  that  no  regulations  would  be  a  certain  protec- 
tion of  the  herd  which  did  not  prohibit  all  pelagic  sealing,  and 
the  American  arbitrators  voted  for  such  prohibition,  and  sustained 
their  votes  by  very  able  and  cogent  opinions ;  but  the  majority  of 
the  Tribunal  took  a  different  view  of  the  pubject.  The  regula- 
tions adopted  were  opposed  both  by  the  American  and  Canadian 
arbitrators.  When  first  published  they  were  accepted  by  all  the 
Americans  who  participated  in  the  arbitration  as  a  decided 
triumph  for  the  United  States,  and  were  regarded  by  the  Cana- 
dian sealers  as  a  serious  menace,  if  not  a  death-blow,  to  their  in- 
terests. If  they  are  carefully  examined  they  will  be  found  to  be 
more  favorable  to  the  United  States  than  the  regulations  which 
Mr.  Bayard  proposed  to  Lord  Salisbury  as  a  settlement  of  the 
question,  or  which  Mr.  Blaine  offered  to  Sir  Julian  Pauncefotu. 
If,  therefore,  we  obtained  more  from  the  Tribunal  than  our  goT- 
ernment  proposed  to  accept  from  Great  Britain,  the  arbitration 
cannot  justly  be  characterized  as  fruitless  in  its  results  for  us. 
The  adequacy  of  the  regulations  cannot  be  properly  judged,  be- 
cause they  have  not  yet  been  put  in  force  in  their  true  spirit  nval 
intent.  This  will  not  be  done  nntil  they  are  also  made  to  apply 
to  the  Russian  waters,  and  untu  more  stringent  rules  for  their 
enforcement  are  adopted.  It  has  boon  a  source  of  disp^ipointment 
to  many  who  have  taken  an  interest  in  the  preservation  of  the 
seals  that  these  rules  have  been  so  lax  and  so  imperfectly  observed. 


RESULTS  OF  THE  BERING  SEA  ARBITRATION. 


701 


eatened  a 
I  adjasted 
rce.  The 
Id,  and  it 
tecting  it 
ar  contro- 
to  justify 
gain  to  us 
bional  dis- 

ited  States 
in  import- 
e  intended 
ich  in  the 
tice  prove 
he  United 
*in  protec- 
aling,  and 
i  sustained 
majority  of 
'he  regula- 
Ganadian 
by  all  the 
a  decided 
the  Cana- 
0  their  in- 
'ound  to  be 
ions  which 
lent  of  the 
'auncefotu. 
,n  our  gov- 
arbitration 
.Its  for  us, 
udged,  be- 
B  spirit  anil 
le  to  apply 
s  for  their 
opointment 
lion  of  the 
y  observed. 


The  obstruction  in  these  respects  is  now,  as  it  has  been  from  the 
beginning,  the  selfish  and  inhuman  conduct  of  Canada. 

The  purpose  of  this  article,  to  wit,  the  defence  of  the  policy 
of  international  arbitration,  has  been  accomplished ;  as  it  has 
been  shown  by  the  foregoing  review  that  the  Paris  arbitration  was 
not  unwisely  entered  upon,  that  it  was  not  altogether  fruitless  in 
its  results  for  us,  and  that  the  administration  which  agreed  to  it 
cannot  be  held  culpable  for  the  manner  of  its  submission  or  man- 
agement. But  it  will  naturally  be  expected  that  something  be 
said  concerning  the  question  of  damages,  a  subject  which  was  not 
settled  by  the  award.  In  article  VIII.  of  the  Treaty  it  was  ex- 
pressly stipulated  that  "the  question  of  liability  of  each  for  the 
injuries  alleged  to  have  been  sustained  by  the  other"  should  not  be 
embraced  in  the  arbitration,  but  should  "  be  the  subject  of  future 
negotiation."  In  the  discussion  following  the  adjournment  of  the 
Tribunal,  the  fact  seems  to  have  been  lost  sight  of  that  the  United 
States  preferred  serious  claims  for  damages  against  Qreat  Britain 
on  account  of  the  injuries  done  by  British  pelagic  sealers  to  the 
Alaskan  seal  herd,  and  that  President  Hurrison  proposed  that  this 
question  of  damages  should,  together  with  the  British  claims  for 
seizure  of  vessels,  be  submitted  to  the  Tribunal.  It  was  because 
Great  Britain  refused  to  consent  to  arbitrate  this  claim  that  the 
whole  subject  was  omitted.  The  award  of  the  Tribunal  was  in 
effect  that  in  certain  waters,  and  at  certain  times,  pelagic  sealing 
is  improper  and  should  not  be  permitted.  How  far  the  claim  of 
the  United  States  subsists  for  injuries  in  the  past  sustained  by  the 
seal  herd  in  those  times  and  waters  is  one  of  the  questions  to  be 
determined  by  the  "  future  negotiations"  contemplated  in  the 
Treaty  ;  and  prominent  persons  well  informed  as  to  the  contro- 
vei^sy  contend  that  it  is  still  a  vital  question. 

Whilo  the  liability  for  damages  was  not  within  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  the  Tribunal,  it  is  generally  admitted  that  the  effect  of  its 
decision  was  to  fix  upon  the  United  States  a  certain  measure  of 
responsibility  for  damages  on  account  of  the  seizures,  which 
would  have  to  be  met  through  the  "future  negotiations."  With- 
out further  investigation  than  the  documentary  evidence  before 
the  Paris  Tribunal,  the  sum  of  1425,000  was  agreed  upon  be- 
tween the  Secretary  of  State  and  the  British  Embassador  as  a 
full  satisfaction  of  the  claims  for  the  seizure  of  the  British  vessels, 
and  the  Oongress  of  the  United  States  was  asked  to  make  an 


702 


THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  REVIEW. 


appropriation  for  that  purpose.  In  the  discussion  which  arose 
in  the  House  of  Representatives  when  the  subject  came  before 
that  body  it  was  most  unfortunate  that  it  should  have  assumed  a 
partisan  aspect.  When  certain  members  argued  that  the  sum 
asked  for  was  greatly  in  excess  of  the  just  and  legal  claims  of  the 
Canadian  sealers,  and  that  it  was  in  direct  conflict  with  the  views  of 
the  Agent  and  Counsel  of  the  United  States  before  the  Tribunal, 
they  were  taunted  with  the  charge  that  this  obligation  had  been 
contracted  by  the  administration  of  which  they  were  supporters. 
The  member  of  the  Committee  on  Appropriations  who  had  the 
measure  in  charge  said  :  "  This  is  not  our  foreign  policy.  We 
are  paying  a  debt  which  you  gentlemen  gave  us."  Mr.  McCreary, 
Chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Foreign  Affairs,  in  advocacy  of 
the  appropriation,  used  this  language:  "I  regret  that  we  have 
been  placed  in  an  attitude  where  we  have  to  pay  this  amount ; 
but  the  gentlemen  on  the  other  side  of  this  House  cannot  claim 
that  we  caused  the  existing  situation."  How  unwarranted  were 
these  assertions  is  shown  in  the  foregoing  review. 

It  may  have  been  the  wisest  policy  to  vote  the  appropriation, 
but  it  was  no  breach  of  our  international  obligations  not  to  ap- 
prove of  that  sum  ;  and  it  is  not  to  the  discredit  of  Congress  that 
it  exercised  its  judgment  as  to  the  action  of  the  executive  in 
agreeing  to  a  settlement  with  Great  Britain  which  altogether  ig- 
nored the  claim  of  the  United  States  for  damages  to  the  seals  by 
improper  pf'lagic  hunting,  and  the  views  of  its  own  representa- 
tives before  the  Tribunal  as  to  the  British  claims.  While  a  dif- 
ference of  views  may  properly  exist  between  the  executive  and 
legislative  departments  upon  these  subordinate  questions,  no  dis- 
position has  been  entertained  or  shown  by  any  portion  of  our 
government  or  people  to  evade  our  just  obligations  under  the 
Treaty.  And  the  fact  that  the  spirit  of  the  award  leads  us  to  pay 
out  of  the  national  treasury  a  sum  by  way  of  damages,  which  at 
the  most  must  be  regarded  as  insignificant  for  a  great  nation, 
should  certainly  have  no  tendency  to  modify  in  the  slightest  de- 
gree our  devotion  to  the  great  policy  of  international  arbitration. 

John  W.  Foster. 


ings. 


l!! 


«h  arose 
e  before 
samed  a 
;he  sum 
IS  of  the 
>  views  of 
llribunal, 
[lad  been 
pporters. 
)  had  the 
icy.    We 
ilcOreary, 
Lvocacy  of 
b  we  have 
1  amount ; 
mot  claim 
tnted  were 

(ropi'iation, 
not  to  ap- 
|ngres8  that 
:ecutive  in 
together  ig- 
,he  seals  by 
representa- 
^Vhile  a  dif- 
icutive  and 
Ions,  no  dis- 
;ion  of  our 
under  the 
Ids  ns  to  pay 
SB,  which  at 
:eat  nation, 
ilightest  de- 
arbitration. 

Foster. 


KINNEAR 

teel  Ceiling 

fg  Jfata/  Parttthat.  Skutitra  and  Boon- 

Fire-Water-Tlme  Proof. 

I  Banka,  OhwohM,  OhilM,  Pnblio  and  Private 
HngB.  8«td  for  book.  "Imtulor  DteonMoat," 
Ing  many  new  and  attnwstlTe  designs  at  mod- 

PEAR  ft  GAGER  CO.,  Columbus.  O. 

■ASTBRN  AOBNTB: 
^KSOBB  ft  Co.,  4  LiBBRTT  SQUARE,  BOSTON. 


DOES  ANYTHING 
PHOTOGRAPHIC- 

^  Pocket 
Kodak. 


PMkrt  Kwhli,  iMrfcd  ttrUrttuntft'Axi,         •         $».W 
D*nhpla(u<PrlaU«(OaUtt,  1.W 

EASTMAN   KODAK  CO. 


Smmttttkclli  andioatltt 
for  t-uto  i-etHt  ttam/t. 


ROCHESTER,  N.  Y. 


•eeable 

roentives  in  season  are  much  surer  than  belated ' 
Ygs.     A  healthy  condition  of  the  Kidneys,  Liver 

'  Bowels  is  the  strongest  safeguard  against 

■zdaches.  Racking  Colds  or  Fevers. 

[rup  of  Figs 

as  a  perfect  laxative  should,  cleansing 
\refreshing the  system  without  weaken- 
\it.  Permanently  curing  constipation 
\fts  effects. 

and  Sure. 

int  to  the  taste  and  free 
\objectionable  sub- 
\s.    Physicians  re- 

tnd  it.     Millions 

mnd  it  invaluable. 

jtanfactiued  by 

Fig  Syrup  Co.    "^ 

rr^liera  la  soc.  and  ft  bottlca. 


»., 


pn,  PuiMTiB,  Nnr  Toss. 


Pbus  or  W*tBRn<aa  A  Conpant,  !7aw  Toax. 


Ivory 


It  Floats 

A  luxury  is  "Anything  which 
pleases  the  senses  and  is  also  costly 
or  difficult  to  oiitain." 

Ivory  Soap  pledses  the  senses, 
but  it  is  neither  costly  nor  difficult 
to  oiJtain. 

Your  Grocer  keeps  it. 

TmPmutui  h  OAMtw  00..  Owm. 


Timely  Warning. 

Th*  grtat  •uccMt  of  th« 
^ohocolat*  praparatieii*  of 
the  house  of  HHLIVH 
MKER  A  GO.  (••tablishod 
in  178Q)  hM  led  to  the 
piaoini;  on  tho  markot 
imany  mlaloaifing  and 
lunsompMloiia  twiHattena 
thtir  namo,  labels, 
and  wH^pers.  Walter  Baker  h  Co. 
are  the  oldest  and  largest  manu- 
foeturers  of  pure,  and  high-grade 
Cocoas  and  Chocolates  on  this 
continent.  No  chemicals  are  used 
In  their  manufactures. 

Consumers  should  ask  for,  and 
be  sure  that  they  get,  the  genuine 
Walter  Baker  fc  Co.'s  goods. 

Walter  Baker  &  Co.,  Limited, 

Dorchestsr,  llass. 


**>MfMCM  rum  Qmrnmn  oommm  mAOK*' 

Iben  cytlUiit  dan  lore  uc  on  to  thoucbt* 
of  whaeto,  pnd  "which  shall  U  be?" 
People  et  Rood  tatta  and  iud||ii>«it, 
knoifiag  thair 'high  itandinc,  aimpv 


19    OOhIAMkI 


sWcr* 


Yon     - 
Girra. 


•bent  Cmnnus 
er  than  a  RamMar? 
.    Cmtaitgu*  mA«  m^ieaiian, 
Brttntk  Hnua  and  Siding  Acmdtmitt! 

Bbtton.        Waahlngton.        New  York 
rooklTD,        DMroit     '    Covanlr|;>Bng. 

GORHULLY  ft  JBFFBRY  MFO.  Ca 


09 
7\ 


PIAPiOS. 


K.  CHtl 


ico.  («■ 


Pl^iHOS. 

Uaad    Mftf'  ■iflomll  br 


w 


for,  and 
be  genuine 
foods. 

Limited, 


^^¥ 
i' 

u 


M«S  BAOK" 

to  tboncbt* 
til  it  be?" 
Judnouit, 
D«,  limply 


.or* 

Cmnnus 
Runbterf 
ithn. 

icmdtmin: 
m.        New  York 
raatfjPvBni. 

Myo.  ca 


by 


J.li  ..  LJJI  ,. 


ESSSH 


